wernicke's area: posterior temproal lobe Broca's area (frontal cortex): speech production later you acquire a language, the poorer your score age 2nd language is acquired is a function of when they learn it in adult very difficult to regain language children with part of brain removed do better than adults, can adapt ¤ Studying the ages at which a second language is acquired. ̈ Other evidence for critical period comes from: ¤ Studying the effects of damage to language areas in theīrain (children recover more readily than adults). nearly impossible to learn language after critical period raised in the wild, not exposed to language input there's a critical period where if missed language development is very hard we take language acquisition for granted ̈ The extraordinary cases of Victor, the Wild Child of Aveyron (France, 1800), and Genie (United States, 1970) seem to support the critical period hypothesis. ̈ There seems to be a critical period during which language develops readily and after which language acquisition is more difficult and less successful. allows us to flow well, but creates a challenge in speech perception, not a template, altered by what comes next and system needs to solve it ¤ Between phonemes in different words: "can't handle" ̈ Coarticulation: the pronunciation of a phoneme the word you say next influences the word you say corrently color is energy present at each frequency ̈ A major challenge for speech recognition is phoneme segmentationīrain needs to take signals to auditory cortex and segment the phonemes where one word starts, and another ends ̈ Normal speaking rate is 150 words per minute ¤ Where in the mouth the air is restricted: ¤ Whether air is fully stopped (,, , ) ¤ Or merely restricted (,, , )
¤ Whether vocal folds vibrate (,, , ) ¤ Or not (,, , )
̈ Phonemes can be classified according to specific features. ̈ Phonemes are produced by modulating the flow of air from the lungs to the mouth and nose. Some languages have more or less phonemes ¤ Children appear to be sensitive to any set of phonemes at birth ¤ Different languages employ different sets of phonemes (and different types, such as 'clicks') ¤ In English phonemes are made of a consonant or vowel ̈ Phonemes: the smallest unit of speech that can be used to distinguish an utterance from another (in a given language)
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